Over the past decade, palaeoproteomics – the study of proteins in ancient remains – has shown a lot of potential for archaeology. Proteins are very stable biomolecules that reflect the phenotype of an organism, and provide complementary information to the genetic code, which has been studied through ancient DNA for decades. Palaeoproteomics can provide information on various archaeological interests such as health status, age at death, animal use and classification, sexing of individuals and the identification of food residue. However, analysing proteins that are thousands of years old, often derived from unknown organisms, presents unique challenges of which many are currently unmet. Through this postdoctoral fellowship I aim to address some of these challenges by: 1. Minimizing consumption of precious remains through integration of palaeoproteomic sample preparation with other analytical methods such as isotope analysis. 2. Applying our recently developed ClassiCOL species classification workflow to specific archaeological sites and challenging remains such as the Scladina cave in Belgium and coprolite samples (mixtures), demonstrating the capabilities of the workflow. 3. Addressing the enamel-based sex determination challenge – proving the absence of AMELY protein in female enamel – through peptide immune-enrichment. This innovative workflow will be applied to both human and domesticated animal collections in collaboration with my co-promotor, Prof. Lisette Kootker.