The central objective of this project is to get through a comparative analysis and benchmarking of foreign policy, international representation and the diplomatic representation of non-state actors and small states (comparable magnitude in Flanders) to get more clarity on the specificity of the phenomenon of "para-diplomacy", both at the bilateral, European and multilateral policies. Through this research, we will have more clarity and insight into the importance perceptions, the main policy objectives and policy of the foreign policy of other non-state actors and small states.