This project looks at diverse ways in which the increased availability and democratization of interregional and international travel, as well as the changing opportunities for overseas trade and professional migration generated by successive colonial and postcolonial realities fundamentally impacted the development trajectories of Jainism in since the end of the 19th century. It combines textual analysis with ethnographic methods to conduct a fine-grained examination of the intertwined processes or de-, re-localization, and trans-localization of Jain religious praxis in the context of an increasingly globalized world. The textual corpus consists of historical sources in different languages and includes travelogues and biographies of lay and mendicant Jains travelling within and beyond South Asia as well as archival records of Jain organizations in India and abroad. Interviews and participant observation in India and the diaspora will allow further insight into trajectories of change.