Nature-based solutions (NbS) are anticipated to contribute to socio-economic challenges, to enhance biodiversity and ecological functioning. The latter assumption will be tested at a European scale, using 12 dune-dike hybrid NbS that are designed for coastal protection. The project will assess to which degree designed dune-dike NbS approach the ecological values and functions of naturally developed coastal dune system. We will (1) evaluate the development of N2000 priority habitats based on remote sensing; (2) apply network perspectives to integrate local ecological integrity (soil-plant-insect networks) with regional connectivity functioning, and (3) use trait-based approach to couple species to their ecological functioning using wave flume and wind tunnel experiments.  The integration of these insights into mechanistic models will allow the development of predictive digital twins to assist in design-planning and policy decision making.