Research on the early development of urban communities in Western Europe has long been determined by a political and institutional approach of the liberties, laws and customs these communities were granted by their rulers in the form of so-called ‘borough charters’. As a result of this narrow focus, we still remain ignorant of the pragmatic context in which these laws and rights were negotiated and materialized, of the socio-economic conditions that shaped the agency of the social groups involved, and of how legal concepts reflected an underlying ‘law in minds’. This project proposes an interregional comparative study of a corpus of about 150 typologically varying borough charters dated pre-1200 granted to cities and communes in the southern Low Countries and northern France during the pioneering phase of their development. The methodology relies on three approaches which will examine interrelations between people, documents and contexts from an anthropological perspective: 1) a pragmatic-documentary analysis, with the aim to reconstruct the context in which law and liberties were written down during the experimental period of pragmatic literacy and record-based government; 2) a political and socio-economic analysis, aiming to untangle the ‘collectiveness’ within early-stage urban communities; 3) a legal historical analysis, with the goal to consider the charters as the consolidation of medieval expectations of law in the power struggle between rulers and subjects.