The research proposal consists of the application of the new anthropological paradigm to the study of northern European prehistoric hunter-gatherers with specific focus on the relationship between ecology - the reality of the world in which human beings must survive - and ideology - the human cognition and perception of that world. The new anthropological paradigm sees ecology and ideology as dynamic and dialectic entities, whose relationship with each other and other aspects of human life is reflected in the central operational system of human activities or the human behavioral strategy. Ethnographic analysis of the behavioral strategy of contemporary northern hunter-gatherers, with emphasis on ecological analogy between present and past, native conceptualisations of the world as at once spiritual and material and expression of ideological and ecological relations in material culture, shows that using the new anthropological paradigm as a guiding principle could significantly increase our understanding of archaeological contexts. Through confrontation of the anthropological theory with the prehistoric data we aim to develop a new interpretative framework for the study of the life and thought of northern prehistoric hunter-gatherers.