We aim to elucidate the role of exercise-induced histidyl dipeptides on development of diabetic nephropathy. The effect of supplementation and exercise, two ways to enhance circulating dipeptides, will be investigated in BTBR ob/ob mice, genetically manipulated for human dipeptide-degrading enzyme (carnosinase). We further investigate dipeptide-related potential biomarkers to predict the progression of diabetic nephropathy in humans.