ICT networks and services are integral to our daily lives. 5G and IoT-enabled solutions play a key role in smart mobility, smart transport, and Industry 4.0. Novel applications in healthcare, leisure, logistics, and other sectors also heavily depend on data availability. The adoption of personal data pods and decentralized data spaces, which facilitate structured and governed data exchange, is critical for ensuring the continued success of these solutions.

Technical innovations in networking and data technologies are creating new opportunities. However, identifying suitable business models that align customer needs across different sectors with the possibilities enabled by these technologies remains a significant challenge. These innovations must operate within a complex ecosystem of diverse actors, both public and private. A crucial challenge is understanding the actual costs of delivering these solutions and determining how those costs should be allocated among the various stakeholders. In this context, thorough techno-economic analysis will play an essential role