The aim will be to identify and characterize novel drug targets for treatment of refractory epilepsy. Neuropeptides, including kisspeptin, prolactin-releasing peptide and hypocretin will be studied with regard to their effect on hippocampal excitability and seizure activity. These neuropeptides were chosen because they modulate neuronal excitability through receptors expressed in structures critical to generation and/or control of hippocampal seizure activity.