Without a fight-or-flight response, plants must constantly adapt to adverse environments. Due to climate change, food availability is expected to decrease while food demand increases, thus raising the demand for stress-tolerant crops. Mitochondria have been shown to be important players in plant responses to environmental stress through mitochondrial retrograde regulation (MRR). Due to their crucial role in various cellular metabolic processes, mitochondria occupy a prime position to sense cellular dysfunction and modulate MRR, leading to changes in nuclear gene expression of stress-responsive genes. A group of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-anchored NAC transcription factors (TFs) was previously identified to mediate MRR. Upon mitochondrial perturbation, these TFs are released from the ER membrane by rhomboid proteases and subsequently translocated to the nucleus. However, the upstream signals and specific trigger that modulates their release from the ER upon mitochondrial perturbation remains unknown. As post-translational modifications (PTMs) are known to enable rapid regulation of regulatory proteins, in this project, I aim to elucidate the post-translational regulation mechanisms of these ER-anchored NAC TFs. This will expand our currently limited understanding of how mitochondria transduce signals to other organelles, such as the ER, to coordinate nuclear responses during plant stress responses.