Ghent University co-leads work package three of the project: ‘The impacts of the GRC and GMC on the governance of international protection: institutional architectures of asylum determination’. We investigate the historical origin of the asylum institutions in Europe and their effectiveness and efficiency in providing protection to refugees. The main purpose of our investigation is to give policy advice on how to improve the recommendations of the United Nations’ Global Refugee Compact and Global Migration Compact for an optimal refugee protection. Prof. dr. Frank Caestecker who is a historian of training and has published extensively on immigration and refugee policy in 20th century Europe is assisted in this research by drs. Eva Ecker, master in public administration. In addition to this main task, Ghent University also contributes to the implementation of work package one: ‘Developing theoretical, conceptual and methodological approaches to international protection’, work package nine: ‘Dissemination, Communication and Exploitation of Knowledge’, and work package ten: ‘Coordination and Management’.