Inspired by the challenges of present-day urbanisation, the IAP ‘City & Society’ critically investigates the concept of ‘urban resilience’ in the historical Low Countries. Three research lines are put forward: (1) Environmental Challenges of City Life: Resilience and Precariousness; (2) Urban Memories and Counter-Memories; (3) Urban Community Building: Inclusion and Exclusion. These themes are the object of a resolutely international and interdisciplinary analysis, including – besides history – such disciplines as the study of visual and literary culture, archeology, and geography.